Scan 69
Stokes Encyclopedia Of Music And Musicians, 1908
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1which that biographer was unable to trace.
3Beffara (Louis François) collected valuable data relating to Paris opera, destroyed in the Commune, Paris, 1871; Commissaire of Police. B. Nonancourt, Aug. 23, 1751; d. Feb. 2, 1838.
5Beggar's Opera. Contained 69 ballad tunes scored by Dr. Pepusch, who composed the overture. The witty text was written by John Gay, and the first performance took place at Lincoln's Inn Fields Theatre, London, Jan. 29, 1727, followed by what was the phenomenal run in those days of 62 repetitions for the first season. The profits were nearly $20,000 for John Rich, the manager, and nearly $3,500 for the author, who according to custom had the receipts for four "author's nights." Gay is said to have received the idea of "A Newgate Pastoral" from Swift. He satirized the court, the opera, and the politicians of the time, and the wonderful popularity of the work resulted in the production of other BALLAD OPERAS. The ballad tunes were of English, Scotch, or Irish origin.
7Begleiten. Ger. To accompany.
9Begleitete Fuge. Ger. Free part fugue.
11Begleitung. Ger. Accompaniment.
13Begnis, de (Giuseppe) sang buffo rôles in opera, 1813-24. B. Lugo, Italy, 1793; m. Signora Ronzi; d. Aug. 1849. Signora Ronzi sang buffo rôles with much success until eclipsed by Pasta; debut, Paris, 1819; m. GIUSEPPE; d. Florence, 1853.
15Begrez (Pierre Ignace) sang ten. in opera, 1815-22, and taught singing. B. Namur, France, Dec. 23, 1783; d. Dec., 1863.
17Beklemmt or Beklommen. Ger. "Heavy at heart."
19Belaiev (Mitrophane Petrovich) founded Leipsic publishing house, which has brought out 2,000 works by composers of "New Russian" school; established "Russian Symphony Concerts" for native composers in St. Petersburg. B. St. Petersburg, Feb. 10, 1836; d. Jan. 10, 1904.
21Belckte (Friedrich August) composed for and played trombone in the Gewandhaus and Royal Berlin orchestras. B. Luckna, Saxony, May 27, 1795; d. Dec. 10, 1874.
23Belebt. Ger. Animated.
25Beliczay, von (Julius) composed an "Ave Maria," two symphonies, songs, and chamber music. B. Aug. 10, 1835, Komorn, Hungary.
27Belisario. Gaetano Donizetti's three-act opera, for which he also wrote the book, was first performed at Venice, Feb. 17, 1836, and later in Paris and London.
29Bell. The mouth of a tubular instrument, gives increased power because it permits of setting a larger volume of air in vibration, and modifies the tone produced. The curved mouth of brass instruments gives the even overtones which would otherwise be wanting in a closed pipe.
31Bell. In the modern orchestra bells have been superseded by metal tubes which are more easily tuned, may be placed in a frame like a xylophone, and are much more convenient than the old glockenspiel, which was played with keys. The effect of a chime of bells is thus obtained in "Parsifal," "Tosca," as well as in "Magic Flute," where bells were first employed in opera. Bells were used in the worship of Osiris; formed ornaments to the vestments of the Jewish high priests, and seem to have been common to all nations for purposes of signalling and of worship. In many instances the precious metals entered into the composition of bells, but experiment has proved that the best alloy, neither too brittle nor too dull in tone, is 76.5 parts of copper to 23.5 parts of tin. Bells may be sharpened by shaving the inside of the rim, or flattened by paring the rim itself. A chime in perfect tune is, however, the very rare exception. Change ringing is practised where there are more than three bells. Six changes may be rung on three bells, 24 changes on four bells, and so the number increases until with 12 bells 479,001,600 changes are possible. The largest known bell, that cast in Moscow, 1733, now broken, measures
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