Scan 1945
The MacMillan EncyclopEdia Of Music And Musicians In One Volume-I, 1938
70 lines. Read by computer on 16 September 2026. Printed page 1944. See the scan on archive.org.
1connected by high ribs. The popularity of the viols were increased in the early sixteenth century when Duifffoprugcar (q.v.) and others brought into being such perfect examples as the viola d'amore (q.v.), viola bastarda (q.v.), viola da braccia (q.v.) and the viola da gamba (q.v.). A complete set of viols kept in a large case became known as a Chest of Viols; these were used until the eighteenth century. All viols had fretted fingerboards and ordinarily six strings.
3Viol., abbreviation for violino.
5Viol, Willy, German teacher and composer, born Breslau, Jan. 23, 1848. He composed piano works and songs.
7Viola (Fr. alto; Ger. Bratsche), the alto member of the violin family; it is slightly larger than the violin in size; tuned a perfect fifth lower than the violin, and played in the same manner. The tone quality is veiled and sombre. The alto clef is customarily employed in writing music for the viola. Mozart was one of the first composers to give the viola independent treatment in the orchestra; also in the string quartet.
9Viola, an 8 ft. and 4 ft. organ-stop of string tone, not related to the orchestral instrument except when played within its range and in passages suited to it.
11Viola alta, a large viola having a broader tone than the usual viola; it was invented by Hermann Ritter of Wismar, Germany.
13Viola bastarda, see Viola di bordone.
15Viola da braccia (Viola da spalla), a six-stringed tenor viol, played in the same manner as the viola which superseded it.
17Viola da gamba, the bass member of the old viol family, its size and shape being almost identical with the violoncello which superseded it.
19Viola da gamba, an 8 ft. open labial organ-stop duplicating the tone of the ancient instrument of the same name.
21Viola d'amore, a tenor viol with sympathetic strings.
23Viola d'amore, an 8 ft. and 4 ft. open labial organ-stop duplicating the tone of the ancient precursor of the modern viola.
25Viola da spalla, see Viola da braccia.
27Viola di bordone (Viola bastarda, barytone), a bass viol with sympathetic strings.
29Viola di fagotto, another name for the viola da braccia (q.v.)
31Viola pomposa (Violoncello piccolo), a variety of violoncello with five strings; it was invented by Johann Sebastian Bach about 1720 but never in general use.
33Viola sourdine or Viola sorda, an 8 ft. open labial organ-stop, duplicating the tone of the orchestral violin played with a mute.
35Viola-zither, a European bowed instrument similar to the philomele (q.v.); it sounds and looks like a violin.
37Viola, Alessandro della, see Merlo, Alessandro.
39Viola, Alfonso della, see Alfonso della Viola.
41Viola, Francesco della, early 16th century Italian composer, conductor and editor, born Ferrara.
43Violanta, Moravian opera in one act, composed at the age of seventeen, by Erich Korngold, produced at Vienna in 1916 and at the Metropolitan Opera House, New York, on Nov. 5, 1927, with Jeritza in the rôle of Violanta.
45Viole (Fr. and Ger.), a viol.
47Viole céleste, a single or dual organ-stop. The single is turned slightly sharp to produce an acoustical tremolo; the dual has one set of pipes tuned in the same manner.
49Viole d'orchestre, the full name of the organ-stop called Violin.
51Viole, Rudolf, German pianist and composer, born Schochwitz, May 10, 1825; died Berlin, Dec. 7, 1867; pupil of Liszt, who commended his compositions. Liszt edited his Die musikalische Gartenlaube, Op. 50, which comprised one hundred studies for piano.
53Violentamente (It.), violently; impetuously.
55Violes et clavecins, a Franch society for the performance of ancient music on the obsolete instruments for which it was composed.
57Violet, a name rarely given to the viola d'amore; it also refers to a treble viol or the violin.
59Violetta, the French title of Verdi's opera, La Traviata (q.v.).
61Violetta (It.), (1) a treble viol; (2) the 4 ft. variety of the organ-stop called Viola.
63Violetta marina, a viola having sympathetic strings invented by Pietro Castrucci (q.v.); Händel wrote solos for it in his operas, Sosarme and Orlando.
65Violetta piccolo, a viol having from three to six strings, and in tone quality a combination of the tenor and the treble.
67Violette, Wesley la, see la Violette, Wesley.
69Violin (Fr. violon, Ger. Violine, It. violino), a bowed instrument capable of every variety of musical expression, and therefore unsurpassed for solo performance in addition to being the most important instrument in the orchestra. It has undergone many physical and tonal changes since its first appearance in the 8th century, both as regards the violin and the bow. Gasparo da Salo (1540-1609) is credited with having evolved the violin into the form recognized today; as the years passed, the Amatis, the Guarnerii and Antonius Stradivarius, all Italians, perfected its tone quality and improved its appearance, both in symmetry and varnish. The bow, originally an awkward device greatly resembling its namesake in the domain of archery, became straight in design and a thing of beauty through Tartini and Tourte. Those interested in details regarding the famous violin makers of Europe, Great Britain and the United States will find them all listed and described under their individual
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