Scan 159
The New Grove Dictionary Of Music And Musicians 5 Ed. 2nd, 1904
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1more florid form the starosvětská ('old world' dance). The sedláčka belongs to the group of round-dances in 2/4 which can be performed to songs of similar metre. At the beginning of this dance the young men are placed in front of the band and sing a long-drawn-out song, while the girls come to fetch them for the dance. As soon as the song is finished the men begin to sing another song in a strict dance rhythm, and only then does the dance begin. A sung stanza always alternates with a danced stanza. The male dancers move along in strictly measured rhythms, always introducing new variations, while the girls turn round on the spot. This is mainly a solo dance, in which the dancer can show his skill. The singing becomes increasingly forceful and vigorous as the dance progresses and ends on a powerful climax. The starosvětská differs from the sedláčka in its calmer tempo and greater variety of dance figurations. The vrtěná ('drilling' dance) of southern Moravia begins like the skočná ('leaping' dance), the dancer jumps into the air, then whirls round with his partner and slaps his thighs. The dancer's skill is shown particularly in the verbunk ('recruiting' dance), in which the melody not only keeps up with the dance-step, but expresses the whole mood of the dance – obstinacy combined with a healthy and buoyant optimism.
3A popular couple-dance is the danaj (named after its refrain, 'danaj, danaj'), in a rhapsodic form with triplets in 2/4 time. The couťavá ('stepping back' dance), a slow triple-time dance of the Hana district, is one of the earliest in origin. It is performed at weddings and other ceremonial occasions, and reflects the quiet, well-balanced temperament of the people of Hana. In the east Moravian regions there are many forms of the gušaná or točená (round-dances) with figurations similar to the sedláčka. A well-known dance in the Valachian and Lachian districts is the starodávní ('old-time' dance), a walking-dance similar in style to the polonaise. Turning in pairs, a feature of the starodávný, is also common to the starosvětská, the danaj and the gušaná, all these dances apparently developed from the same basis. They usually begin with a solo dance for the man during which the woman allows herself to be turned by her partner, and continue with the common turning-dance in which the couples move slowly forward.
5Apart from the starodávný there are many other dances with richly varied movements found in the Beskid mountains. Short and fragmentary motivic dialogues are repeated in ostinato manner, mainly at a quick pace in the form AB or ABA. Rhythmic diminution occurs in various dances like the kožuch ('fur coat'), a trio dance performed in the manner of a contredanse. They generally modulate in 5ths to the dominant and in 4ths back to the tonic, terse, sudden modulations occurring frequently. Janáček often made use of such characteristics in his compositions, as did Smetana in his Czech dances.
7BIBLIOGRAPHY
8COLLECTIONS
9J Rittersberk České narodní písně [Czech folksongs] (Prague, 1825)
10F Sušil Moravské národní písně [Moravian folksongs] (Brno, 1835 60, rev. enlarged 5/1951)
11K J Erben Prostonárodní české písně a říkadla [National Czech songs and proverbs] (Prague, 1842, 2/1862-4, rev. enlarged 3/1886-8)
12F Bartoš Nové národní písně moravské [New Moravian folksongs] (Brno, 1882)
13– Národní písně moravské (Brno, 1889, rev 2/1901, with Janáček)
14I Janáček, L Bakešová and X. Běhálkova Národní tance na Moravě [Folkdances in Moravia] (Brno, 1891-3, rev 2/1953)
15O Hostinský 36 nápěvů světských písní českého ldu z 16 století [36 secular melodies of the Czech people from the 16th century] (Prague, 1892, rev 2/1956)
16I Černík Zpěvy moravských Kopaničářů [Songs of the Moravian Kopaničáři] (Prague, 1908)
17Č Holas České narodní písně a tance [Czech folksongs and dances] (Prague, 1908-10)
18J Vyepalek České tance [Czech dances] (Prague, 1921)
19J Jindřich Chodský zpěvník [A Chod songbook], 1-ix (1-vii, private edn. 1926-30, viii. Prague, 1955, 1-v, 2/1951 5)
20K Weiss Český luh a Šumava v lidové písni [Folksongs from south Bohemia and Šumava] (Prague, 1928 41)
21I Janáček and P Vaša Milovitné písně moravské [Moravian love-songs] (Prague, 1930)
22II Bim Ludové písně z Hustopečska [Folksongs from the Hustopeče district] (Prague, 1950)
23M Zeman Hornacké tance [Folkdances from the Hornácko region] (Prague, 1951)
24I Matlová-Uhrová Hanacké tance z Tovačovska [Hana dances from the Tovačov district] (Prague, 1952)
25B Vaclavek and R Smetana Písně epické [Epic songs], České světské písně židovělé [Popularized Czech secular songs], 1 (Prague 1955)
26K Vetterl and Z. Jelinková, eds Lidové písně a tance z Valašskoklobouckého district [Folksongs and dances from the Valašské Klobouky district] (Prague, 1955 60)
27J Černík Písně z Luhačovského Zálesí [Songs from Luhačovské Zálesí] (Prague, 1957)
28I Celnar and O Sirovatka Slezské písně z Trněcka a Jablunkovska [Silesian songs from the Trnec and Jablunkov districts] (Prague, 1957)
29V Karbusický and V Pletka Dělnické písně [Workers' songs] (Prague, 1958)
31GENFRAI
32C Zibrt Jak se kdy v Čechách tancovalo [How they used to dance in Bohemia] (Prague, 1895, rev 2/1960)
33O Hostinský Česká světská píseň lidová [Czech secular folksong] (Prague, 1906 rev 2/1961)
34O Zich 'Píseň a taneč "do kolečka"' na 'Chodsku' [Round-song and -dance in the region of Chod], Český luh, xv (1906), 305, 406, xvi (1907), 305, 353, 406, xvii (1908), 19, 68, 261, xviii (1909), 98, 221, 276, 326 447, xix (1910), 33, 101 133, 333
35– 'České lidové tance s proměnlivým taktom [Czech folkdances with changing metre], Narodopisný věstník československý, xi (1916), 6 53, 149, 268 331, 388-427
36J Černík 'O lidové písni, hudbě a tanci na východní Moravě' [Folksong, music and dance in east Moravia], Moravské slovensko, ed L Niederle (Prague, 1922), 595
37I Horák Naše lidová píseň [Our folksong] (Prague, 1946)
38A Sychra Hudba a slovo v lidové písni [Music and word in folksong] (Prague, 1948)
39V Uhlířka Živa píseň [Living song] (Prague, 1949) [incl. suppl. of 250 songs]
40B Vaclavek and R Smetana O české písní lidové a židovělé [On Czech folksong and popularized song] (Prague, 1950)
41R Quonka 'Die Musik des Jan Blahoslav 1569', G/MKB, Bamberg 1953, 128
427 Nejedly Dějiny husitského zpěvu [History of the Hussite song] (Prague, 1954 6) [incl. Dějiny předhusitského zpěvu v Čechách (Prague, 1904), Počátky husitského zpěvu (Prague, 1907) and Dějiny husitského zpěvu za válk husitských (Prague, 1913)]
43J Vysloužil, ed Leoš Janáček o lidové písni a lidové hudbě [On folksong and folk music] (Prague, 1955)
44J Němeček Zpěvy 17 a 18 století [Songs of the 17th and 18th centuries] (Prague, 1956)
45J Pohanka Dějiny české hudby v příkladech [The history of Czech music in examples] (Prague, 1958)
46K Vetterl 'K historii hanackého tance couťavá' Český luh, xlvii (1959), 277
47J Markl Česká dudácká hudba partitury Ludvíka Kuby [Czech bagpipe music Kuba's scores] (Prague, 1962)
48J Markl and V Karbusický 'Bohemian Folk Music Traditional and Contemporary Aspects', JIFMC, xv (1963), 25
49K Vetterl 'Lidová hudba nástrojová' [Instrumental folk music], Lidová kultura, Československá vlastivěda, iii. ed A Melcherčík (Prague, 1968), 350
50D Holy Probleme der Entwicklung und des Stils der Volksmusik (Brno, 1969)
522. SLOVAKIA. Slovakia is situated at the intersection point of western and eastern European cultural areas. This is reflected in its folk music, which is based on east European elements but contains many features of west European origin, especially in the newer style. Slovak folk music has served as a bridge between the folk music of the two areas by introducing styles and elements of
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