Scan 164
The New Grove Dictionary Of Music And Musicians 5 Ed. 2nd, 1904
32 lines. Read by computer on 18 September 2026. No printed page number was found. See the scan on archive.org.
1are used to change the pitch. A rare European folk instrument of the fipple flute group is the fujara which is more than 180 cm long and has three finger-holes (fig.3). The little shepherds' flute with six finger-holes is widely distributed over the country and has its own typical repertory and playing technique. The dvojanka (a double fipple flute; fig 3) and the transverse flute are both played with great virtuosity and expressiveness.
3The single reed is found in the drček and janfarka (clarinet-like instruments) and in the gajdy (bagpipe), which always has a long bass drone pipe and a chanter with five or six finger-holes. The most common form of bagpipe has a double chanter, that is, a counter-pipe joined to the melody pipe. A rarer type of bagpipe has two supplementary drones ('little drones'), so that these instruments can produce four- or five-part music. Some double-reed instruments are played by children, especially the truhka made of various materials, such as bark or corn stalks. Bark and wooden trumpets are found all over Slovakia but are becoming more rare.
5There are about 40 different idiophones in Slovakia, some of which are regarded as musical instruments proper, others merely as children's toys. Membranophones are very rare.
7Bowed string instruments used are the violin and double bass, the short oktávka (octave-violin), shlopok (scuttle-shaped violin) and kôrova basa ('bark bass'), a double bass whose ribs are of bark. Struck and plucked string instruments are the cymbal (dulcimer) and zither.
9Instruments are played solo, in combinations such as bagpipe and flute or bagpipe and violin, or in diverse ensembles of bowed string instruments consisting of first and second violin, counter-violin or viola and the double bass. In east and south Slovakia this ensemble is completed by the dulcimer and in west Slovakia by the clarinet or trumpet. Brass bands with about eight members play as folk music ensembles in the villages of west Slovakia.
11Solo instrumental genres serve various functions. They may act as a signal (horns, bone flutes, rattles), as an acoustic accompaniment to ceremonies (clappers, rattles, bells), and above all in a purely aesthetic function for self-entertainment (fujara, flutes). The only solo instrument used for dance accompaniment is the gajdy. All the string ensembles serve for entertainments in which dance predominates but singing and other forms of entertainment are also included.
13Instrumental music mainly derives from the song repertory. Pure instrumental melodies are rare, although the vocal melodies are substantially transformed in motivic content, melismatic variation and rhythm, and often have a shifting tonal basis when played on instruments (see ex.14; the central note in this example moves between a' and g' while the melody is built on the 4th-6th-tonal frame of a'-d'' f#'')
15Ex 14 Robber dance-song, played on fujara, Zvolen district, rec J Rybar, transcr O Lischek
17A regional style of ensemble playing has developed in Slovakia. Its special characteristics include a richly ornamented leading voice performed on the first violin sometimes supported by a second violin playing in 3rds or presenting a new decorated melodic line, as in ex 15, where there are two main melodic voices. The other bowed instruments supply a chordal harmonic accompaniment. The cymbal (when used) provides both melody and harmony in arpeggiated figurations, enriching the instrumental colour of the ensemble
19BIBLIOGRAPHY
20COLLECTIONS
211 Silvan Písně nově na sedm žalmů kají a jiné zpěvy [New songs on seven psalms of repentance and other psalms] (Prague, 1571/R1957)
22M Suchan Písně světské lidu slovenského v Uhřích v hudbu uvedené [Secular songs of the Slovak people in Hungary, given with music] (Pest, 1830/R1970)
231 Turedy Národní napevy ku zpěvankam od Jana Kollara [Folk melodies of the song text collection of Jan Kollar] (Pest 1837/R1970)
24Slovenske pjesni [Slovak songs] (Lurčiansky sv Martin, 1880 1926/R1972 3)
251 Blaho Zahoracké pjesničk v [Zahoracké songs] (Bratislava, 1948 70)
26K Hudec and I Poloczek, eds Slovenske ľudove piesne [Slovak folksongs] (Bratislava, 1950 64)
27C Zalešák Pohronske tance [Dances of the Hron region] (Martin, 1953)
281 Burlas, J Fríci and A Hořejš Hudba na Slovensku v XVII storoči [Music in Slovakia in the 17th century] (Bratislava, 1954), 157 208
29J Kovalčíkova and F Poloczek Slovenske ľudove tance [Slovak folk-dances] (Bratislava, 1955)
31Ex 15 Haiduc dance-song, Brezno district, transcr O Lischek
The computer misreads some letters and numbers. Where a name matters to you, read the scan.