Books › An encyclopedia of the violin, 1925 › scan 135
Scan 135
An encyclopedia of the violin, 1925
35 lines. Read by computer on 26 September 2026, twice; the two readings disagreed in places. Printed page 111. See the scan on archive.org.
1yellowish-red dye also known as annatto.
3Asphalt. The bituminous pitch coming principally from Trinidad, sparingly soluble in alcohol, but more so in naphtha, turpentine or ether.
5Benzoin (gum benzoic). (1) A balsamic resin obtained from the Styrax benzoni, a tree native to Java and Sumatra, and from other varieties of the Styrax; (2) the Lithocarpus benzoni, a tree found in Siam. The Siamese benzoin occurs in the form of small "tears." This Siamese benzoin is reddish yellow to white in color, consisting of 10 to 14 per cent of benzoic acid, and the rest resin. The Sumatra benzoin occurs only in masses of dull red resin enclosing white tears.
7Brazil wood. The red wood of the Brazilian Caesalpina used as a dye. The dark, yellowish-red heart-wood of the Caesalpina echinata, or Pernambuco wood (bois de Fernambouc) is largely used for the making of violin bows.
9Campeachy wood. See logwood.
11Cassel yellow. A patent yellow pigment.
13Chagual gum. See gum Arabic.
15Cinnabar (vermilion). An ore of mercury, cochineal-red to lead-gray mercury sulphite, found in crystals and powder, and used as a pigment.
17Cochineal. A dyestuff consisting of female cochineal insects, killed and dried by heat, which gives a brilliant scarlet dye and the pigment carmine.
19Copaiba. Copaiba or Copaiva is an oleoresin from trees of the copaifera species found in the West Indies and the valley of the Amazon. From its golden colored, viscous liquid, there is disengaged a volatile oil.
21Copal. Copal, from the Mexican copalli, incense, is a hard, lustrous resin, and the term is generally and vaguely used for resins which, though similar in physical properties, are altogether distinct as to their sources.
23Mexican copal, generally considered the best, is obtained from a species of Hymenaea. It is tasteless, odorless, almost colorless, transparent, and lemon-yellow or yellowish brown in color. It forms one of the most valuable of varnishes when it has been dissolved in alcohol, spirits of turpentine, oil of turpentine which has been exposed to the air, or any other suitable medium. The addition of oil of spike or rosemary promotes its solubility in alcohol. As a gum it ranks next to amber in hardness. Copal is also obtained from Sierra Leone, and, in a fossil state, from the west coast of Africa, as well as from Brazil and other South American countries, from trees of the Guibourtia, Trachylobium and Hymenaea families.
25Anim is the hard copal resin obtained from the Hymenaea courbaril, a South American tree; while gum animé is the name also given to the resin known in commerce as Zanzibar or East African copal. The raw copal yielded by the Zanzibar Trachylobium hornemannianum is inferior, and used only in India and China for making a coarse varnish. The fossil East African copal is dug from the ground over a wide belt of the mainland coast of Zanzibar. A gum obtained from the Vateria indica is also known as gum animé, and is often confused with true copal in commerce.
27Curcuma. See turmeric. one of two readings
28Curcuma. See tumeric. one of two readings
30Dragon's blood. The best gum dragon or dragon's blood is obtained from the Calamus draco, a rotang or mattan palm of the eastern Archipelago and India. It is a dark red-brown in color, brittle, nearly opaque, and when ground supplies a fine red powder soluble in ether, alcohol and fixed and volatile oils. Much of the dragon's blood of commerce is obtained from the Pterocarpus draco, of South America.
32Elemi (gum elemi). This is a fragrant resin obtained from the Egyptian Amyris elemifera and the Mexican Elaphirium elemiferum, and is greenish yellow and semitransparent. The oleoresin known as Manilla elemi is obtained in the Philippines, probably from the Canarium commune, and is pale yellow in color, soluble in alcohol. In the 17th and 18th centuries the term elemi usually denoted a Brazilian elemi obtained from trees of the icæiu species.
34Gamboge (gum gutta). Externally a dirty orange in color, gamboge, which occurs in commerce as pipe or roll gamboge, which is purer, and cake gamboge, inferior in quality, is a gum resin coming from Cambodia and Siam. It is tasteless, hard and brittle, affords a brilliant yellow powder, and is often adulterated with rice-powder or pulverized bark.
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